Modelling of wind and photovoltaic power output
Next, two one-dimensional Markov chains were coupled to form a two-dimensional Markov chain, and a spatial correlation model between wind and solar output was constructed
This affects the safe and stable operation of the power system and limits its ability to accommodate large-scale wind and PV power plants . Hydropower stations have regulation and storage capacities, and are thus a useful complement to wind and PV power plants.
Table 3 shows that the optimal installed capacity of the wind and PV power plants is affected by the site of each respective plant. The optimal installed capacity of the wind power plants is 2000–2300 MW, while that of the PV power plants is 1600–2200 MW, and that of the combined wind and PV power plants is 3900–4200 MW.
Few studies have optimized global deployment of photovoltaic and wind power. Here we present a strategy involving construction of 22,821 photovoltaic, onshore-wind, and offshore-wind plants in 192 countries worldwide to minimize the levelized cost of electricity.
However, the integration of wind power (WP) and photovoltaic (PV) into the grid poses challenges in balancing generation with hydropower flexibility to ensure stable and efficient power systems .
This study assumes that wind and PV power plants will be integrated into the Jinping-I hydropower station, and then into the power grid of Jiangsu Province. According to the national grid policy, priority should be given to wind and PV power outputs.
Different combinations of the sites for the wind and PV power plants are given as ( Wm, Sn ), m = 1, 2, , M, n = 1,2, , N, where M and N are the number of wind and PV power plants, respectively. Therefore, there are M × N combinations of wind and PV power plants;

Next, two one-dimensional Markov chains were coupled to form a two-dimensional Markov chain, and a spatial correlation model between wind and solar output was constructed
Then, the technical, policy and economic (i.e., theoretical power generation) constraints for wind and PV energy development were comprehensively considered to
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