Base Stations
The present-day tele-space is incomplete without the base stations as these constitute an important part of the modern-day scheme of wireless
To maximize overall benefits for the investors and operators of base station energy storage, we proposed a bi-level optimization model for the operation of the energy storage, and the planning of 5G base stations considering the sleep mechanism.
In the optimal configuration of energy storage in 5G base stations, long-term planning and short-term operation of the energy storage are interconnected. Therefore, a two-layer optimization model was established to optimize the comprehensive benefits of energy storage planning and operation.
The inner goal included the sleep mechanism of the base station, and the optimization of the energy storage charging and discharging strategy, for minimizing the daily electricity expenditure of the 5G base station system.
The fundamental parameters of the base stations are listed in Table 1. The energy storage battery for each base station has a rated capacity of 18 kWh, a maximum charge/discharge power of 3 kW, a SOC range from 10% to 90%, and an efficiency of 0.85.
The operational constraints of 5G communication base stations studied in this paper mainly include the energy consumption characteristics of the base stations themselves, the communication characteristics, and the operational constraints of their internal energy storage batteries.
Among them, the former mainly includes an active antenna unit (AAU), baseband processing unit (BBU), and signal transmission equipment (e.g., optical fiber), while the latter mainly includes distribution grid access power and energy storage battery. Equipment composition of 5G communication base stations.

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